Cone # | Temp °F | Temp °C | Incandescence | Range | | Substance Details |
14 | 2525 | 1390 | Brilliant White | High-Fire | | P o r c e l a i n | End Porcelain |
13 | 2460 | 1350 | Brilliant White | High-Fire | Porcelain |
12 | 2375 | 1310 | White | High-Fire | Porcelain |
11 | 2340 | 1285 | White | High-Fire | S t o n e | Porcelain, End High-Fire Stoneware |
10 | 2300 | 1260 | White | High-Fire | High-Fire Stoneware, Begin Porcelain (definition) |
9 | 2280 | 1250 | White | High-Fire | | High-Fire Stoneware |
8 | 2240 | 1225 | White | High-Fire | Begin High-Fire Stoneware |
7 | 2210 | 1210 | Yellow-White | Mid-Fire | w a r e | End Mid-Fire Stoneware |
6 | 2175 | 1190 | Yellow-White | Mid-Fire | Mid-Fire Stoneware |
5 | 2160 | 1180 | Yellow-White | Mid-Fire | Mid-Fire Stoneware |
4 | 2130 | 1165 | Yellow | Mid-Fire | E a r t h e n | End Earthenware |
3 | 2095 | 1145 | Yellow | Lower Mid-Fire | Earthenware |
2 | 2080 | 1135 | Yellow | Lower Mid-Fire | Begin Mid-Fire Stoneware (definition) Earthenware |
1 | 2060 | 1125 | Yellow | Lower Mid-Fire | | Earthenware |
There is no "0" (zero) cone. The "0" prefixes on the cone numbers below are like a minus sign. |
01 | 2030 | 1110 | Yellow | Lower Mid-Fire | | w a r e | Earthenware |
02 | 2000 | 1095 | Yellow-Orange | Low-Fire | | Earthenware Glass begins to form within the clay |
03 | 1980 | 1080 | Yellow-Orange | Low-Fire | | Earthenware |
04 | 1920 | 1050 | Yellow-Orange | Low-Fire | B i s q u e | Earthenware, End Bisque Firing |
05 | 1880 | 1030 | Orange | Low-Fire | Earthenware Bisque Firing |
06 | 1840 | 1005 | Orange | Low-Fire | Bisque Firing Begin Earthenware (definition) |
07 | 1785 | 975 | Orange | Low-Fire | | Bisque Firing |
08 | 1735 | 945 | Red-Orange | Low-Fire | Begin Bisque Firing |
09 | 1705 | 930 | Red-Orange | Low-Fire | | |
010 | 1635 | 890 | Red-Orange | Low-Fire | W a r m G l a s s | End Warm Glass |
011 | 1605 | 875 | Red-Orange | Low-Fire | Warm Glass |
012 | 1545 | 840 | Red-Orange | Low-Fire | Warm Glass End Fuming |
013 | 1485 | 805 | Cherry Red | Very Low-Fire | Warm Glass FumingEnd Carbon, Burn Out |
014 | 1395 | 760 | Cherry Red | Very Low-Fire | Begin Warm Glass (Slumping & Fusing) Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
015 | 1380 | 750 | Cherry Red | Very Low-Fire | | Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
016 | 1370 | 740 | Dull Red | Very Low-Fire | O v e r g l a z e | End Overglaze Carbon Burn Out, Fuming |
017 | 1330 | 705 | Dull Red | Very Low-Fire | Overglaze, Fuming, Carbon Burn Out End Water Smoking |
018 | 1260 | 680 | Dull Red | Very Low-Fire | Overglaze Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
019 | 1225 | 660 | Dull Red | Very Low-Fire | Overglaze Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
020 | 1159 | 625 | Dull Dark Red | Very Low-Fire | Overglaze Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
021 | 1110 | 600 | Dull Dark Red | Very Low-Fire | Overglaze Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking |
022 | 1085° F | 590° C | Dull Dark Red | Very Low-Fire | Begin Overglaze (China Paints, Decals) Fuming, Carbon Burn Out & Water Smoking** are already in progress at this temperature |
Cone 022 marks the lowest kiln temperature at which incandescence of the ceramics is visible. | ** The early stage stage of bisque-firing or single-firing, below 1200°F, when carbonates, nitrates, sulfates, organic contaminants, and chemically combined water volatize and outgas. |